Chapter 5 Shifting Focus: Art and the Natural World

Landscape painting, more than any other category, experienced a clear and rapid evolution from compositions and subjects dictated by academic tradition to ones determined either by individual preference or market demands. The classical landscape formula embodied a hierarchical world view consistent with the absolutist era of monarchs. The Sublime and Picturesque offered alternatives considered more responsive to contemporary attitudes, and provided a transition to both Romanticism (which projected emotional/spiritual content into nature) and Naturalism (which focused on the truthful representation of typical moments in nature).


Artists and Artworks

Readings

Andrews, Malcolm. The Search for the Picturesque: Landscape Aesthetics and Tourism in Britain. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989

Barrell, John. The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Painting, 1730-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980

Bermingham, Ann. Landscape and Ideology: the English Rustic Tradition 1740-1860. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986

Green, Nicholas. The Spectacle of Nature: Landscape and Bourgeois Culture in Nineteenth-Century France. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993

Hamilton, James. Fields of Influence: Conjunctions of Artists and Scientists, 1815-1860. Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press, 2001

Hemingway, Andrew. Landscape and Urban Culture in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992

Herbert, Robert. Barbizon Revisited. New York: Clarke and Way, 1962

Kriz, Kay Dian. The Idea of the English Landscape Painter. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1997

Miller, Angela. The Empire of the Eye. Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics 1825-1875. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1993

Mitchell, Timothy. Art and Science in German Landscape Painting 1770-1840. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1993

Novak, Barbara. American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007

Saul, Nicholas. The Cambridge Companion to German Romanticism. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009

Vaughan, William. German Romantic Painting. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1980

Subtitle

SHIFTING FOCUS: ART AND THE NATURAL WORLD

Web Resources

Metmuseum: American landscape

Metmuseum: French landscape

Metmuseum: Barbizon painting

Map of locations

Map of Railway Growth in German States 1837-66

Images

Grave of Barbizon painter Charles Daubigny at Pére Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.

Grave of Charles Pigeon, Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris. The most awesome grave in the cemetery!

Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 1830-61, rue Bonaparte, Paris (6th arrondissement). Jacques Duban architect.

Burlington House, London. Home of the Royal Academy of Arts since 1867.

July Column, Place de la Bastille, Paris. Names of those who died in the 3 days of battles in Paris in July 1830 are inscribed.

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